Reproduce: Analytic#
Simulating Transient Response over a Conductive Sphere#
Here we simulate the transient response from a conductive sphere in a vacuum. The sphere has a conductivity of \(\sigma\) = 100 S/m. The center of the sphere is located at (0,0,-50) and has a radius of \(a\) = 8 m.
The transient response is simulated for x, y and z oriented magnetic dipoles at (-5, 0, 10). The x, y and z components of H and dB/dt are simulated at (5, 0, 10). However, we only plot the data for horizontal coaxial, horizontal coplanar and vertical coplanar geometries.
Package Details#
Wait and Spies analytic solution. See https://em.geosci.xyz/content/maxwell3_fdem/inductive_sources/sphere/index.html for a summary of the solution.
Reference: J. R. Wait. A conductive sphere in a time varying magnetic field. Geophysics, 16:666–672, 1951.
Reproducing the Forward Simulation Result#
We begin by loading all necessary packages and setting any global parameters for the notebook.
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from SimPEG.utils import mkvc
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.constants import mu_0
import scipy.special as spec
mpl.rcParams.update({"font.size": 14})
write_output = True
Define layered Earth model.
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rootdir = './../../../assets/tdem/sphere_vacuum_conductive_fwd_simpeg/'
a = 8 # radius of sphere
sig0 = 1e-8 # background conductivity
sig = 1e2 # electrical conductivity of sphere
mur = 1 # relative permeability of sphere
xyzs = np.c_[0., 0., -50.] # xyz location of the sphere
Here, we define the survey geometry for the forward simulation.
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xyz_tx = np.c_[-5., 0., 10.] # Transmitter location
xyz_rx = np.c_[5., 0., 10.] # Receiver location
times = np.logspace(-5,-2,10) # Times
tx_moment = 1 # Dipole moment
Here we define some functions required for the forward simulation.
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def compute_primary_field_dipole(orientation, pxyz, qxyz):
"""
For an X, Y or Z orientationed magnetic dipole, compute the free-space primary field for a dipole moment of 1.
orientation: 'x', 'y' or 'z'
pxyz : [x,y,z] locations of the dipole transmitters
qxyz : [x,y,z] location at the centre location of the sphere
"""
R = np.sqrt((qxyz[0] - pxyz[:,0]) ** 2 + (qxyz[1] - pxyz[:,1]) ** 2 + (qxyz[2] - pxyz[:,2]) ** 2)
if orientation == "x":
Hpx = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[0] - pxyz[:,0]) * (qxyz[0] - pxyz[:,0]) / R ** 5 - 1 / R ** 3)
Hpy = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[1] - pxyz[:,1]) * (qxyz[0] - pxyz[:,0]) / R ** 5)
Hpz = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[2] - pxyz[:,2]) * (qxyz[0] - pxyz[:,0]) / R ** 5)
elif orientation == "y":
Hpx = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[0] - pxyz[:,0]) * (qxyz[1] - pxyz[:,1]) / R ** 5)
Hpy = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[1] - pxyz[:,1]) * (qxyz[1] - pxyz[:,1]) / R ** 5 - 1 / R ** 3)
Hpz = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[2] - pxyz[:,2]) * (qxyz[1] - pxyz[:,1]) / R ** 5)
elif orientation == "z":
Hpx = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[0] - pxyz[:,0]) * (qxyz[2] - pxyz[:,2]) / R ** 5)
Hpy = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[1] - pxyz[:,1]) * (qxyz[2] - pxyz[:,2]) / R ** 5)
Hpz = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * (3 * (qxyz[2] - pxyz[:,2]) * (qxyz[2] - pxyz[:,2]) / R ** 5 - 1 / R ** 3)
return np.c_[Hpx, Hpy, Hpz]
def compute_dipolar_response(m, pxyz, qxyz):
"""
For a sphere with dipole moment [mx, my, mz], compute the dipolar response
m : dipole moments [mx, my, mz]
orientation of the receiver: 'x', 'y' or 'z'
pxyz : [x,y,z] locations of the receivers
qxyz : [x,y,z] location at the centre location of the sphere
"""
R = np.sqrt((qxyz[:,0] - pxyz[:,0]) ** 2 + (qxyz[:,1] - pxyz[:,1]) ** 2 + (qxyz[:,2] - pxyz[:,2]) ** 2)
Hx = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * ( 3 * (pxyz[:,0] - qxyz[:,0]) * (
m[:,0]*(pxyz[:,0] - qxyz[:,0]) +
m[:,1]*(pxyz[:,1] - qxyz[:,1]) +
m[:,2]*(pxyz[:,2] - qxyz[:,2])
) / R ** 5 - m[:,0] / R ** 3)
Hy = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * ( 3 * (pxyz[:,1] - qxyz[:,1]) * (
m[:,0]*(pxyz[:,0] - qxyz[:,0]) +
m[:,1]*(pxyz[:,1] - qxyz[:,1]) +
m[:,2]*(pxyz[:,2] - qxyz[:,2])
) / R ** 5 - m[:,1] / R ** 3)
Hz = (1 / (4 * np.pi)) * ( 3 * (pxyz[:,2] - qxyz[:,2]) * (
m[:,0]*(pxyz[:,0] - qxyz[:,0]) +
m[:,1]*(pxyz[:,1] - qxyz[:,1]) +
m[:,2]*(pxyz[:,2] - qxyz[:,2])
) / R ** 5 - m[:,2] / R ** 3)
return np.c_[Hx, Hy, Hz]
def compute_coefficients(N):
eta = np.pi*np.linspace(1,N,N)
for ii in range(0, 20):
eta = np.pi*np.linspace(1,N,N) + np.arctan(((mur - 1)*eta)/(mur - 1 + eta**2))
return eta
def compute_excitation_factor(t, eta, sig, mur, a):
"""
Compute Excitation Factor (FEM)
t : times
eta : coefficients
sig : conductivity
mur : relative permeability
a : radius
"""
alpha = (mur + 2)*(mur - 1)
beta = np.sqrt(4*np.pi*1e-7*mur*sig)*a
chi = len(t)*[None]
for ii in range(0, len(t)):
chi[ii] = 9 * mur * np.sum(
np.exp(-t[ii] * eta**2 / beta**2) / (alpha + eta**2)
)
return chi
def compute_excitation_factor_derivative(t, eta, sig, mur, a):
"""
Compute Excitation Factor (FEM)
t : times
eta : coefficients
sig : conductivity
mur : relative permeability
a : radius
"""
alpha = (mur + 2)*(mur - 1)
beta = np.sqrt(4*np.pi*1e-7*mur*sig)*a
dchi = len(t)*[None]
for ii in range(0, len(t)):
dchi[ii] = -(9 * mur / beta**2) * np.sum(
eta**2 * np.exp(-t[ii] * eta**2 / beta**2) / (alpha + eta**2)
)
return dchi
Finally, we simulate the predicted data.
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# Compute coefficients
eta = compute_coefficients(500)
H_analytic = []
dBdt_analytic = []
for ii, comp in enumerate(['x','y','z']):
# Compute the free space primary field at the location of the sphere
Hp = mkvc(tx_moment*compute_primary_field_dipole(comp, xyz_tx, mkvc(xyzs)))
# Compute dipole moment and its time derivative
chi = compute_excitation_factor(times, eta, sig, mur, a)
dchi = compute_excitation_factor_derivative(times, eta, sig, mur, a)
m = (4*np.pi*a**3/3) * np.outer(chi, Hp)
dmdt = (4*np.pi*a**3/3) * np.outer(dchi, Hp)
# Predict data
H_analytic.append(compute_dipolar_response(m, xyz_rx, xyzs))
dBdt_analytic.append(mu_0*compute_dipolar_response(dmdt, xyz_rx, xyzs))
We can export the data.
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if write_output:
fname_analytic = rootdir + 'dpred_analytic.txt'
header = 'TIME HX HY HZ DBDTX DBDTY DBDTZ'
t_column = np.kron(np.ones(3), times)
dpred_analytic = np.c_[t_column, np.vstack(H_analytic), np.vstack(dBdt_analytic)]
fid = open(fname_analytic, 'w')
np.savetxt(fid, dpred_analytic, fmt='%.6e', delimiter=' ', header=header)
fid.close()
Plotting Simulated Data#
Here, we plot the H and dB/dt data for horizontal coaxial, horizontal coplanar and vertical coplanar geometries.
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fig = plt.figure(figsize=(14, 6))
lw = 2.5
ms = 8
ax1 = 3*[None]
for ii, comp in enumerate(['X','Y','Z']):
ax1[ii] = fig.add_axes([0.05+0.35*ii, 0.1, 0.25, 0.8])
ax1[ii].loglog(times, H_analytic[ii][:, ii], 'r-o', lw=lw, markersize=8)
ax1[ii].set_xticks([1e-5, 1e-4, 1e-3, 1e-2])
ax1[ii].grid()
ax1[ii].set_xlabel('time (s)')
ax1[ii].set_ylabel('H (A/m)'.format(comp))
ax1[ii].set_title(comp + ' dipole, ' + comp + ' component')
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fig = plt.figure(figsize=(14, 8))
lw = 2.5
ms = 8
ax1 = 3*[None]
for ii, comp in enumerate(['X','Y','Z']):
ax1[ii] = fig.add_axes([0.05+0.35*ii, 0.1, 0.25, 0.8])
ax1[ii].loglog(times, -dBdt_analytic[ii][:, ii], 'r-o', lw=lw, markersize=8)
ax1[ii].set_xticks([1e-5, 1e-4, 1e-3, 1e-2])
ax1[ii].grid()
ax1[ii].set_xlabel('time (s)')
ax1[ii].set_ylabel('-dB/dt (T/s)'.format(comp))
ax1[ii].set_title(comp + ' dipole, ' + comp + ' component')
